Extracting a victim from a car during an accident

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Rules and methods for removing a victim from a car

Rules and methods for removing a victim from a car.

Basic transport provisions. Transportation of victims.

Emergency extraction of victims from a car or other confined space is carried out using the Rautek 1 method (if the victim is conscious; for this, the hands of the first aid participant are held under the armpits of the victim, fixing his forearm, after which the victim is removed out), or the Rautek 2 method (if the victim is unconscious; at the same time, one of the hands of the first aid participant fixes the victim’s head by the lower jaw).

conscious victim with suspected spinal injury

A victim who has no signs of consciousness (but breathing and blood circulation are preserved) should be in a stable lateral position while awaiting the arrival of emergency medical assistance and during transportation. This position is used to maintain patency of the airway and reduce the risk of it becoming blocked by saliva, blood, vomit, or tongue.

In cases where the victim is suspected of having an injury to the abdomen and pelvis , it is preferable that, while awaiting medical assistance or during transportation, he is in a supine position with knees bent and legs apart. In this case, there should be soft support under the knees (folded clothing, etc.). In some literature sources, this position is called the “frog pose.”

A victim with severe blood loss (or possible signs of shock) should be placed in a supine position with legs elevated. You can support your legs in an elevated position using an improvised support, or with the involvement of one of the first aid participants.

for a victim with a chest injury to be in a semi-sitting position (if possible, tilted towards the affected half of the chest).

Extracting a conscious victim from a truck.

The victim is removed from the car in emergency cases:

When it is impossible to provide first aid inside the car.
When there is a threat to the victim in the car (car fire, danger of it sliding or overturning)

To extract, you must open the door and turn the victim's back to you.

After this, you should stick your hands under his armpits and grab his forearm with one hand...

...then with the second hand...

...put the victim on your chest and pull him out of the car...

...continuing to hold the victim by the forearms, remove him from the car...

... ask an assistant to pick up the victim by the legs and, together with him, carry the victim to a safe distance.

Removing an unconscious victim from a truck.

Removing an unconscious victim is a little different.

To check consciousness, you need to gently shake the victim by the shoulder and ask: “How are you feeling, do you need help?”

If there is no answer, put your hands under his armpits and grab his forearm with one hand...

...then take the victim by the lower jaw with your other hand and fix the head...

...put the victim on your chest and pull him out of the car...

...continuing to hold the victim by the forearm and lower jaw, remove him from the car...

... ask an assistant to pick up the victim by the legs and, together with him, carry the victim to a safe distance.

Extracting a conscious victim from a car through the front door.

To remove a conscious victim from a car, the door must be opened...

...put your hands under his armpits and grab his forearm with one hand...

...then grab the victim’s forearm with your other hand...

... pull the victim out of the car...

...continuing to hold the victim by the forearm, remove him from the car...

... ask an assistant to grab the victim by the legs...

...and together with an assistant, carry the victim to a safe distance from the car.

Removing an unconscious victim from a car through the front door.

To remove an unconscious victim from a car, the door must be opened...

...put your hands under his armpits...

...and grab his forearm with one hand...

...then grab the victim’s lower jaw with your other hand and fix the head...

...continuing to hold the victim by the forearm and fixing his head, pull him out and remove him from the car...

... ask an assistant to grab the victim by the legs...

...and together with an assistant, carry the victim to a safe distance from the car.

Extracting a conscious victim from a car through the back door.

If the front door is locked, you must try to remove the victim through the back door

To do this, open the back door of the car...

...throw the back of the chair back...

...put your hands under his armpits and grab his forearm with one hand...

...then grab the victim’s forearm with your other hand...

... pull the victim out of the car and remove him from the car.

Removing an unconscious victim from a car through the back door.

If the front door is locked, you must try to remove the victim through the back door

To do this, you need to make sure that the victim is unconscious...

...throw the back of the chair back...

... gently lay the victim down...

...put your hands under his armpits and grab his forearm with one hand...

…then grab the victim’s lower jaw with your other hand, secure his head and pull the victim out of the car to remove him from the car.…

Basic transport provisions.

A conscious victim with suspected spinal injury.

Position on a hard, level surface on a hard, level surface.

The victim is unconscious with preserved signs of life. Stable lateral position.

The victim has a suspected injury to the abdomen and pelvis.

Position on your back with soft support under your knees bent and legs apart (“frog pose”).

A victim with severe blood loss (or with possible signs of shock).

Position on your back with support under raised legs.

A victim with a chest injury.

Semi-sitting position with an inclination towards the affected half of the chest.

Developed with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project number: 10-07-00558

Rules and methods for removing a victim from a car. Basic transport provisions. Transportation of victims.

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Description of the presentation by individual slides:

Rules and methods for removing a victim from a car. Basic transport provisions. Transportation of victims. Topic No. 4

Introduction During an accident, a situation often arises when it is necessary to extract the victim. It should be remembered that emergency removal of victims from a car or other confined space is carried out only if there is a threat to his life and health, and it is impossible to provide first aid in the conditions in which the victim is located. In all other cases, it is better to wait for the arrival of medical assistance and other services involved in eliminating the consequences of an accident. This is due to the fact that during extraction the victim may experience pain and deterioration in well-being. In any case, the extraction of the victim is carried out in certain ways, which will be discussed during our presentation.

Rules and methods for removing a victim from a car. Basic transport provisions. Transportation of victims. Emergency extraction of victims from a car or other confined space is carried out using the Rautek 1 method (if the victim is conscious; for this, the hands of the first aid participant are held under the armpits of the victim, fixing his forearm, after which the victim is removed out), or the Rautek 2 method (if the victim is unconscious; at the same time, one of the hands of the first aid participant fixes the victim’s head by the lower jaw).

Basic transport provisions A conscious victim with suspected spinal injury should be positioned on a hard, level surface. The victim is unconscious with preserved signs of life. Stable lateral position.

Basic transport provisions Victim with suspected injury to the abdomen and pelvis. Position on your back with soft support under your knees bent and legs apart (“frog pose”). A victim with severe blood loss (or with possible signs of shock). Position on your back with support under raised legs.

When transporting or waiting for medical help, it is preferable for a victim with a chest injury to be in a semi-sitting position (if possible, tilted towards the affected half of the chest). Basic transport provisions

Extracting a conscious victim from a truck

Removing an unconscious victim from a truck.

Extracting a conscious victim from a car through the front door. 1 2 3

Removing an unconscious victim from a car through the front door.

Extracting a conscious victim from a car through the back door.

Removing an unconscious victim from a car through the back door.

Grigorieva Albina Mikhailovna
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Extracting a victim from a car during an accident

The structure by type of damage is difficult to predict due to the significant variability of disasters. At the same time, as the experience of eliminating railway accidents shows, according to the severity of the victims, it can be considered with a high probability that those with mild injuries will make up 35-40%, those with moderate and severe injuries - 20 - 25%, extremely severe - 20%, and in terminal state - 20%. Note that the number of victims in the event of a train crash or transport accident fluctuates within a significant range.

When immobilizing fractures, various materials can be used to strap the injured limb, such as wooden sticks, an umbrella, and so on. The likelihood of a spinal fracture is quite high if there is increased sensitivity in the central part of the back and in the neck area. If a victim with such injuries is moved, the spinal cord may be damaged by a broken spinal column, which can lead to paralysis of the limbs. Therefore, in such cases, when providing first emergency aid, the neck should be immobilized.

It is possible to remove a victim from an emergency vehicle only under the following conditions: - there is no danger to life, - there is no danger of causing additional injuries during removal, - there is no entrapment of the victim, - the vehicle is stable.

First aid: different cases

Railway accidents can occur as a result of: a) violations of the technical operation requirements of track facilities, violations of safety rules when transporting goods (explosive, flammable, toxic substances, etc.); b) under the influence of external factors - in areas of natural disasters, technological disasters at gas and oil industry enterprises, explosions, fires, etc.; c) in case of incorrect actions (inaction) of locomotive crews and station duty personnel (V. M. Sibelœev et al., 1990); d) when colliding with obstacles (cars, people, animals). Emergencies during the transportation of radioactive substances and hazardous chemicals pose a particular danger. It goes without saying that you will have to act according to the circumstances, so the algorithm given below is of a general nature, which can be adapted to a specific situation using it as a basis.

If a fracture of the spine is suspected, after removal the victim must be placed on a solid base on his stomach or back and subsequently not moved unless absolutely necessary. A victim with a fractured limb is immediately immobilized after removal and only then is he transferred to a more convenient place for other first aid measures. Every day the number of cars on the country's roads is becoming more and more, and with them the number of accidents is also increasing. To understand how to act in the event of an accident and to help people in a dangerous situation, you need to know the rules for providing first aid.

If a person is unconscious

Each driver is required to know the basics of providing first aid to himself and to other victims, as well as to have a first aid kit. This is necessary, as they say, not for show, but in order to be useful with your knowledge and skills in an extreme situation, which can save a person’s life.

Unfortunately, many vehicle accidents result not only in damage to the vehicle, but also in serious injury to the driver or passengers. Therefore, it is the duty of every road user, and now we are not just talking about drivers, to know how to properly remove a victim from a damaged vehicle. Let us consider this issue in more detail below, since this operation requires special care and caution from the one who will do it.

In accordance with the above guidelines, more effective first aid should be provided in the event of a traffic accident before the arrival of specialized medical personnel. Arterial bleeding is immediately stopped by finger pressure and application of a tourniquet. An unnatural posture indicates the presence of fractures or unconsciousness. In these cases, when removing the victim, it is necessary, if possible, to keep his position unchanged. Before you begin to remove the victim from the car, you need to apply a head holder, remove everything that is holding him - move him away, bend him, press him with a lever, etc. When extracting the victim, you cannot use forceful techniques. Maximum caution must be exercised since he may have multiple fractures of the limbs, spine, head injury, etc.

First aid in case of an accident

Immobilization of fractures of the arms and legs is carried out by fixing 2 adjacent joints with a splint - above and below the fracture site. A soft gauze bandage (or cotton wool) is placed under the splint to prevent damage to soft tissues.

To perform resuscitation to restore the heartbeat, you need to roughly divide the chest into three parts and place your hand on the lower third of the chest. At an angle of 90 degrees relative to the chest, use the other hand to press with such force that the sternum bends 3-5 cm.

At the same time, it should be remembered that removing a victim from a car in an accident can be carried out if:

There is no danger of worsening the victim's situation. The risk is especially high in cases where there is damage to the neck or back.
If there is no danger of injury, there is no threat to the life of those who carry out rescue activities.
If the vehicle is in a stable position.

Timely and effective medical first aid at the scene of an accident is the most important factor in preserving the lives of victims and accelerating recovery in the post-traumatic period.
When NOT to remove a victim from an emergency vehicle: — If removing the victim from the vehicle could cause serious additional injury to the victim. For example, there is no car fire, the victim has obvious signs of injury to the neck or spine, and the rescuer is trying to pull him out without help, alone!

The tourniquet is applied 6–8 cm above the wound. The time for applying the tourniquet on the wound itself or on a visible part of the body must be indicated.

This should be done together: the first rescuer fixes the head and neck of the victim, the second rescuer stretches the helmet as far as possible to the sides using the unfastened or cut straps and slowly removes it from the head with wave-like movements.
If you do not immediately remove the helmet, then doing so later will be more difficult and more dangerous for the victim. Outside the railway station area, the types of disasters are not fundamentally different from those mentioned above. At the same time, the tactics and timing of rescue operations, incl. and EMF to the victims may change significantly, more often in the direction of increasing the time before the start of work and its duration.

When they arrived, they realized that there was no tenant and their favorite idea began - slowly scurrying into the car and back, so as not to bring the boy inside until the moment of death - they have bureaucratic problems there after that. Therefore, they will not save a dying person. And for the rest, for similar reasons, it’s better not to interfere either.

Abnormal chest sounds and difficulty breathing caused by multiple rib fractures can be relieved by tying a cloth around the chest. Splints are used for fractures to prevent tissue damage and blood loss.

Removing the victim from the car is an important point, and certain rules must be followed depending on the situation.

Patency of the upper respiratory tract and integrity of the cervical spine: - clean the oral cavity with a finger or suction. - throw your head back and lift your chin. - stretch and fix the tongue. “P. Safar’s triple move”: a) bending the head back; b) opening the mouth slightly; c) advancement of the lower jaw.

In the absence of available means, the victim should be removed extremely carefully, slightly lifting the torso by the clothes and carefully moving him towards the door. Do not forget about fixing the head of the cervical spine. As soon as possible, place the victim on his back on a flat, hard surface. If a chemical gets in, first remove it with a damp cloth and wash the wound with hydrogen peroxide to neutralize the substance, then cover with a dry bandage.

Pull the victim out of the car.
Once removed from the vehicle, the victim must be dragged to a safe place. Such accidents can lead to dangerous exposure of people and radioactive contamination of the natural environment, and when hazardous substances are released into the external environment, to acute poisoning of passengers and chemical contamination of air, soil and track facilities. A difficult situation may arise as a result of an accident within a railway station. As a rule, railway junctions are adjacent to urban (village) buildings with a high population density. A large number of wagons with various cargoes are usually concentrated in a relatively small station area. There may also be significant groups of people here - on trains, on platforms, in the station building, etc. This creates a threat for them in the event of explosions, contamination of the air with hazardous substances, radioactive substances and other aggressive chemicals.

As a lawyer, I can say that the only help that can and should really be provided is to immediately call an ambulance, clearly state the address of the incident and explain that an accident occurred. I would not recommend going any further if you are not a medical professional.

If there is increased tenderness on the back in the central area of the chest or abdomen, the victim should be moved into the ambulance by four people so as not to flex the spinal column in any way.

Immediate removal of the victim from the vehicle during an accident is necessary if the following factors occur:

A flame appeared on the hood of the car or smoke began to pour out.
A persistent pungent odor of gasoline appeared.
The vehicle began to smoke.
Weather conditions do not allow leaving the victim in this position until the medical team arrives.
The nature of the injuries does not allow first aid to be provided until doctors arrive.

Respiration assessment: The nature and frequency of breathing, the presence of open pneumothorax (an occlusive bandage is required), tension pneumothorax (it is necessary to convert it to open), fenestrated rib fracture, etc.

Remove the victim from the car or take him out of the ditch, inspect him, free him from clothes by unbuttoning, tearing and cutting them.

Extracting a victim from a car during an accident

Hello, in this article we will try to answer the question “Extracting a victim from a car during an accident.” You can also consult with lawyers online for free directly on the website.

Considering the possible chest injury, remove the victim's forearm and axillary areas, where the ribs are relatively rarely damaged [11]. Rough techniques involving significant physical effort can cause additional injury and irreparable harm to the victim.

Rescuers involved in localizing and eliminating emergencies.
In Russia, rescuers have to deal with several dozen of the most common hazardous chemicals. Carrying out rescue and other urgent work during emergency response. Rescue operations. Features of conducting emergency rescue operations. Lexical norms. Morphological norms. Syntactic norms. The word "lexical" means dictionary.

Technologies for rescuing victims of road accidents

Unfortunately, road accidents often occur in places remote from medical facilities. That is why a person’s life depends on the driver’s ability to provide first aid.

At the moment after an accident, you should not think about whether there is compulsory motor liability insurance, CASCO insurance and who will compensate for the damage. The main thing is to save a person’s life. Compliance with the basic rules will reduce the degree of harm caused to the victim’s health.

A large number of citizens become disabled. This happens because first aid is provided untimely,” the press service quotes Olga Krivonos, director of the Department of Organization of Medical Care and Health Development of the Russian Ministry of Health and Social Development.

A gasoline-powered car that catches fire burns out within five minutes. Moreover, the gas tank can explode at any moment. This time is not enough for doctors or rescuers to arrive. Leaving the victim in the car will inevitably lead to his death. If possible, the victim should be taken to the nearest house or stopped by a bus, where first aid measures should be carried out. In the rain, the victim can be sheltered in a tent, covered with a tarpaulin, raincoats, etc. until the passing transport stops. In night conditions, you need to organize lighting, for which it is convenient to use headlights, portable electric lamps and electric flashlights.

In what cases should a victim not be removed from a car?

Removing a victim from a car is not always a good thing. Read in our article in which cases you can do this, and in which it is strictly prohibited.

Clarification of the situation begins on the way to the scene. Ask yourself questions: What? When? Where? Who?

Stop your vehicle at a safe distance from the scene of the incident, without blocking the access routes of emergency rescue teams.

A road traffic accident does not bode well for any of its participants: neither the culprit of the accident, nor the injured party, nor a passerby who happened to be at the scene of the accident.

If necessary, the victim should be taken to a medical facility or wait for an ambulance to arrive.

First pre-hospital medical aid is aimed at alleviating a person’s suffering and preparing him for evacuation to a medical facility. If possible, then at the same time providing first aid, you should call an ambulance or a medical professional.

The timeliness, volume, and quality of providing first aid to victims largely depends on the ability to organize clear interaction with eyewitnesses and witnesses of an accident.

In all other cases, it is better to wait for the arrival of medical assistance and other services involved in eliminating the consequences of an accident. This is due to the fact that during extraction you may experience pain and deterioration in well-being. In any case, the extraction of the victim is carried out in certain ways, which will be discussed during our presentation. .

To remove the victim from the car, it takes, or preferably, three people, from this calculation it is necessary to invite drivers or passengers of passing cars. One of those providing assistance must be senior. The consistency of their actions is ensured by his short, clear commands: “stop”, “take”, “forward”, etc.

The main tasks of rescuers are to take measures aimed at preventing a fire, evacuate victims to a safe area, provide technical assistance to the crews of the State Fire Service in extinguishing the fire, and carry out measures for environmental protection of the environment.

If the spinal column is damaged, several people must remove the victim from the car, carefully pulling him by the head [13].

In an accident involving a vehicle falling under a rubble, depending on the scale and current situation, canine units and search devices can be used to search for victims in the rubble.

If the spinal column is damaged, several people must remove the victim from the car, carefully pulling him by the head [13].

In road traffic accidents, there is a high risk of spinal injury. In this case, both the absence of any action at all and illiterate assistance can cause harm.

In the event of an accident on the road, it is important to quickly navigate and determine what type of assistance should be provided first.

Of course, in some cases it is not advisable to move the victim until doctors arrive. But in each case, act taking into account the specific circumstances. It may be necessary to resort to such actions to avoid more serious consequences.

Rules of salvation. How should eyewitnesses of an accident on the road behave?

Rough techniques involving significant physical effort can cause additional injury and irreparable harm to the victim. If there is a risk of breathing problems or aggravation of cervical spinal column injury, the position of the head, neck and chest must be kept unchanged relative to each other.

When relieving stress in the structural elements of the vehicle, lifting and moving the car body and freeing up space around the victim, it is necessary to constantly monitor the stabilization of the car body structures.

Access may be difficult if the vehicle's doors and windows cannot be opened or the body is pinned between deformed parts of the vehicle. In such cases, the first priority is to remove the victim from the vehicle or free his body.

Dear readers! The article talks about typical ways to resolve legal issues, but each case is individual.

The Ministry of Health approved an order on first aid for victims of road accidents

In case of large volumes of emergency response, by order of the head of the department or the head of the railway, recovery and fire trains operating according to the appropriate plan are sent to the scene of the incident. The place where the ASR is carried out must be fenced; responsibility for this rests with the head of the remote route.

In such cases, the first priority is to remove the victim from the vehicle or free his body. This requires skill and great care, since incompetent execution of these operations can aggravate the severity of the injuries received and cause death. Before extraction, the victim should be freed from everything that interferes with this.

Concussions and uncomfortable positions increase the patient's suffering and significantly worsen his condition, and in cases with a severe fracture and internal bleeding, they can even cause his death. With proper organization of first aid, it is possible to create a calm environment and a thoughtful, clear sequence of actions.

The victim must be placed in a safe place. If during the cold season it is not possible to bring his body indoors, then the victim should be placed on a flooring of boards, branches, hay, clothes, etc. Then you need to loosen the tightening parts of the clothing and carefully inspect. If the victim is conscious, he himself will indicate the location of the injury.

EXTRACTION OF THE VICTIM FROM THE CAR, ASSESSMENT OF HIS CONDITION

When carrying out this type of ASR, all actions of the firefighting personnel must be coordinated with the RTP of the fire department that arrived at the scene of the accident.

Formulate a preliminary diagnosis. They draw up a plan for additional examination methods and indicate their need. At the end of the examination, an algorithm for providing assistance for this polytrauma is proposed.

If there are no other drivers nearby who could take the victim to the hospital, do it yourself.
But then immediately return to the scene of the accident. This is important. Otherwise, you may be charged with leaving the scene of an accident and face administrative charges. Respiration assessment: The nature and frequency of breathing, the presence of open pneumothorax (an occlusive bandage is required), tension pneumothorax (it is necessary to convert it to open), fenestrated rib fracture, etc.

In case of severe injury and large blood loss, the immobility of the unconscious victim, his lack of pulse and breathing create the impression that he has died and medical care is useless. However, such a conclusion may be erroneous, since with a sharp depression of vital functions, signs of life can only be detected with a more thorough examination.

The primary task in providing first aid is to eliminate the danger that threatens the life of the victim. This danger occurs when there is loss of consciousness, heavy bleeding, disturbances in cardiac activity and breathing, or shock.

Every day, hundreds of traffic accidents occur on the country’s roads, and in dozens of them people die. Sometimes death after an accident can be avoided only by properly providing first aid.

Observe and provide assistance to victims until the ambulance arrives, using first aid kits from other vehicles.

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Remember these rules and follow them if the need arises. They will help record all the circumstances of the accident, and the police will be able to determine the culprit of the accident and correctly fill out all the required documents.

This type of injury is typical for a traffic accident, falling from a height, being in an explosion zone, etc. One of the types of polytrauma is combined trauma - damage that develops in the victim as a result of the action of several factors on his body (mechanical, thermal, chemical, radiation, etc.). In Russia, rescuers have to deal with several dozen of the most common hazardous chemicals. Carrying out rescue and other urgent work during emergency response. Rescue operations.

Removing the victim from the car

Practical work No. 1

Topic : First aid for persons injured in road traffic accidents.

Title : Practicing the skills of healing a victim from a vehicle and providing him with first aid.

Work progress

Removing the victim from the car

In case of an accident, an important point in providing assistance to the victim is to correctly remove him from the car.
It is especially difficult to do this if the body is deformed, the door is jammed, or the car overturns. In these cases, it is necessary, using a pry bar or other available means, to open one of the doors, preferably from the victim’s side. Having gained access to the interior (cabin) of the vehicle, immediately turn off the ignition. If the victim’s condition does not cause concern and nothing threatens him at the moment, there is no need to remove him from the car, since mistakes made in this case can aggravate the injuries received by the person.
If the victim is unconscious, make sure the airway is open and ensure it until removed from the vehicle.
If a person is in a serious condition (respiratory and circulatory arrest, body compression, bleeding, etc.) or may receive new injuries, it is necessary to immediately remove him from the car.
Considering the possible injury to the chest, remove the victim by the forearm and axillary areas, where the ribs are relatively rarely damaged.
Rough techniques involving significant physical effort can cause additional injury and irreparable harm to the victim. If there is a risk of breathing problems or aggravation of cervical spinal column injury, the position of the head, neck and chest must be kept unchanged relative to each other.
In this case, you should use a technique in which the person providing assistance fixes the victim’s chin with one hand and holds his hand with the other. If the spinal column is damaged, several people must remove the victim from the car, carefully pulling him by the head.
Remember! Your actions when removing the victim from the vehicle must be correct and gentle.

FIRST MEDICAL AID IN ROAD ACCIDENT.
Required sequence of actions:

 Ensure personal safety. A car with a gasoline engine burns out in 5 minutes, the threat of explosion is real. Your actions must be thoughtful.

 Evacuation of the victim. In a road accident, the cervical spine is most likely to be injured. Improper removal of the victim can lead to his death.

 Determine the level of consciousness.
Ask any question to the victim while simultaneously fixing his head: thumbs on the back of the head, index fingers on the sides, middle fingers on the corners of the lower jaw, ring fingers on the carotid artery to determine pulsation. Apply a cervical collar. Extract the victim as one unit. Check the pupil's reaction to light, breathing and heartbeat. Clinical death.
Signs: lack of consciousness, breathing and heartbeat, wide pupil.
The presence of these symptoms is an indication for resuscitation using the ABC system (patency of the upper respiratory tract, artificial respiration, cardiac massage).
Actions:

 Place the victim on his back in a safe place on a hard surface.

 Clear upper airway obstruction. It can be caused by a retraction of the tongue, a foreign body, swelling and spasm of the larynx, or trauma. Position of the head and chin: head back, chin forward, lower jaw moves forward.

 Assess breathing: if weak or absent, perform mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose ventilation, use artificial respiration devices.

 If there is no heartbeat, begin chest compressions.
The compression point of the chest is 2 cm above the lower edge of the sternum in the midline.
The palm of the right hand is at the compression point. The palm of the left hand lies on top of the palm of the right. The fingers of both hands are fanned out and do not touch the chest. Arms straight. The compression depth is more than 3.5 cm. Resuscitation technique
If assistance is provided by one person, 15 compressions for 2 breaths, if two breaths are used, 5 compressions for 1 breath.
Constantly monitor the patient's condition: constriction of the pupil to light, the appearance of a pulse in the carotid artery, improvement in skin color, spontaneous breathing. All this indicates effective resuscitation. REMEMBER! If the patient is unconscious, but breathing and heartbeat are preserved, then as a single whole (fixing the cervical spine with hands or a collar),

you need to turn over on your stomach and constantly monitor the airway, breathing and heartbeat.
If these functions are impaired, immediately begin resuscitation measures. Actions:

 Stop external bleeding

 Apply a bandage to the wound.

 For fractures, apply a splint.

 Call an ambulance or any medical professional.
Your goal is to save the life of the victim until medical workers arrive! Bleeding.
Bleeding is one of the manifestations of injury.
It can be internal and external. If you suspect internal bleeding, manifested by pale skin, cold sweat, increasing weakness, loss of consciousness, you need to lay the patient on his back with his legs elevated and urgently call a doctor. External bleeding is divided into:

 Venous - dark-colored blood is released in a continuous stream. It is recommended to apply a tight bandage to the wound surface.

 Arterial - the most dangerous type - is distinguished by the fact that bright scarlet blood is released in a powerful pulsating stream. The method of stopping bleeding is to apply finger pressure to the damaged vessel above the wound site, followed by applying a tight bandage. If bleeding continues, apply a tourniquet for no more than 1 hour, recording the time of its application.

 Capillary bleeding is observed with a significant wound defect of the skin.
The entire surface of the wound bleeds. To stop it, it is recommended to use a hemostatic sponge and a tight bandage. Fractures.
Fractures are divided into open and closed.
Signs of a closed fracture: severe pain, a sharp increase in pain when moving or trying to lean on the injured limb, deformation and swelling at the site of injury.
Signs of an open fracture: deformation and swelling of the limb at the site of injury, the presence of a wound, bone fragments may protrude from the lumen of the wound.
Actions:

 Apply a splint, securing it to the joint above and below the injury site.
Do not try to set bone fragments!

Burns.
According to the degree of damage, burns are divided into 4 degrees.
1-2 degrees - redness of the skin, the appearance of blisters.
Grade 3-4 - the appearance of areas of charred skin with copious discharge of bloody fluid.
Actions:
For 1-2 degree burns, place the burned surface under running cold water as quickly as possible, apply a clean, dry bandage, and apply cold air over the fabric.
For 3rd-4th degree burns, cover the burn area with a sterile cloth and apply cold on top of the cloth.
For extensive burns, lay the victim with the wound surface up, cover the burn with a clean cloth, apply cold on top of the cloth, numb the pain, give plenty of fluids, call an ambulance.
Entry of a foreign body into the upper respiratory tract.
Signs: sudden cough, choking, vomiting, profuse lacrimation, the face turns red, then turns blue, loss of consciousness. REMEMBER! You have 3-5 minutes to provide assistance.
Actions:

 Strike the interscapular area several times with an open palm. If there is no effect, stand behind the victim’s back, clasp him with your arms so that the victim’s clasped hands are above the epigastric region, and sharply press on the epigastric region with clasped hands.

 If the patient is unconscious, turn him on his back, try to reach the foreign body with your hand and sharply press on the epigastric region.
Attention! In any case, you should immediately contact a medical professional.
Loss of consciousness.
Causes: high ambient temperature, lack of air, emotional stress, internal bleeding, acute cardiovascular disease.
Actions:
Check for consciousness, breathing, and heartbeat.
If they are absent, begin resuscitation measures using the ABC system.
Loss of consciousness is short-term (up to three minutes), heartbeat and breathing are preserved: lay the patient on his back, raise his legs, unbutton the shirt collar, loosen the tie and waist belt, provide air access.
Let the ammonia vapor inhale. If the patient loses consciousness for more than three minutes, turn the patient onto his stomach, clean

upper respiratory tract, apply cold to the head.
Observe breathing, heartbeat, call a medical professional immediately. REMEMBER! In all cases of loss of consciousness, you should consult a doctor.
Convulsive seizure.
Causes: epilepsy, hysteria.
Signs of epilepsy: sudden loss of consciousness followed by a cry before falling, convulsions, foam at the mouth mixed with blood, wide pupils, preserved pulse in the carotid artery, involuntary urination.
Actions:

 Turn the patient onto his side.

 Press his shoulders to the floor.

 Insert a thick cloth or rubber roller between the molars.

 Ensure the safety of the patient (high risk of injury), urgently call a medical professional.
Chest pain.
Attention! The pain is pressing, burning, cutting in nature, located in the center of the chest or in the left half of the chest, radiating to the back and arms, accompanied by weakness and cold sweat.
Cause: acute cardiovascular disease.
Actions: Provide the patient with maximum rest and access to fresh air.
Place a nitroglycerin capsule under your tongue. The pain does not go away within 20 minutes - repeat a capsule of nitroglycerin under the tongue. Call a doctor immediately. Stomach ache.
Reason: disruption of the digestive tract.
1. Pain in the upper abdomen of a dull, encircling nature.
Actions: cold, hunger, rest, taking no-shpa and festal.
2. Pain in the right hypochondrium.
Actions: cold, rest, taking no-shpa.
3. Pain in the pit of the stomach, heartburn.
Actions: taking Maalox.
4. Pain around the navel is cramping, loose stools, nausea, vomiting.
Actions: taking festal and immodium.
REMEMBER! If you have abdominal pain, you should not take painkillers without consulting a doctor.
Abdominal pain may be a sign of severe abdominal disease. If the recommended measures have no effect, you should consult a doctor. The appearance of a pinpoint rash on the skin, itching, increasing swelling of the eyelids and lips.
Cause: allergic reaction.
An allergic reaction can be caused by taking medications, foods, or insect bites.